2001: A Space Odissey Chapter 6 Ascent of Man Academy Arthur C. Clarke PART I - PRIMEVAL NIGHT

 


A new animal was abroad on the planet, spreading slowly out from the African heartland. It was still

so rare that a hasty census might have overlooked it, among the teeming billions of creatures

roving over land and sea. There was no evidence, as yet, that it would prosper or even survive: on

this world where so many mightier beasts had passed away, its fate still wavered in the balance.

In the hundred thousand years since the crystals had descended upon Africa, the man-apes had

invented nothing. But they had started to change, and had developed skills which no other animal

possessed. Their bone clubs had increased their reach and multiplied their strength; they were no

longer defenseless against the predators with whom they had to compete. The smaller carnivores

they could drive away from their own kills; the larger ones they could at least discourage, and

sometimes put to flight.

Their massive teeth were growing smaller, for they were no longer essential. The sharp-edged

stones that could be used to dig out roots, or to cut and saw through tough flesh or fiber, had

begun to replace them, with immeasurable consequences. No longer were the man-apes faced with

starvation when their teeth became damaged or worn; even the crudest tools could add many years

to their lives. And as their fangs diminished, the shape of their face started to alter; the snout

receded, the massive jaw became more delicate, the mouth able to make more subtle sounds.

Speech was still a million years away, but the first steps toward it had been taken.

And then the world began to change. In four great waves, with two hundred thousand years

between their crests, the Ice Ages swept by, leaving their mark on all the globe. Outside the tropics,

the glaciers slew those who had prematurely left theft ancestral home; and everywhere they

winnowed out the creatures who could not adapt.

When the ice had passed, so had much of the planet's early life - including the man-apes. But,

unlike so many others, they had left descendants; they had not merely become extinct - they had

been transformed. The toolmakers had been remade by their own tools.

For in using clubs and flints, their hands had developed a dexterity found nowhere else in the

animal kingdom, permitting them to make still better tools, which in turn had developed their limbs

and brains yet further. It was an accelerating, cumulative process; and at its end was Man.

The first true men had tools and weapons only a little better than those of their ancestors a million

years earlier, but they could use them with far greater skill.

And somewhere in the shadowy centuries that had gone before they had invented the most

essential tool of all, though it could be neither seen nor touched. They had learned to speak, and so

had won their first great victory over Time. Now the knowledge of one generation could be handed

on to the next, so that each age could profit from those that had gone before.

Unlike the animals, who knew only the present, Man had acquired a past; and he was beginning to

grope toward a future.

He was also learning to harness the forces of nature; with the taming of fire, he had laid the

foundations of technology and left his animal origins far behind. Stone gave way to bronze, and

then to iron. Hunting was succeeded by agriculture. The tribe grew into the village, the village into

the town. Speech became eternal, thanks to certain marks on stone and clay and papyrus.

Presently he invented philosophy, and religion. And he peopled the sky, not altogether inaccurately,

with gods.

As his body became more and more defenseless, so his means of offense became steadily more

frightful. With stone and bronze and iron and steel he had run the gamut of everything that could

pierce and slash, and quite early in time he had learned how to strike down his victims from a

distance. The spear, the bow, the gun, and finally the guided missile had given him weapons of

infinite range and all but infinite power.

Without those weapons, often though he had used them against himself, Man would never have

conquered his world. Into them he had put his heart and soul, and for ages they had served him

well.

But now, as long as they existed, he was living on borrowed time.

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